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Semi-Digital Phase-Locked Loop Design with Bandwidth Tracking

🚀 Overview

This project presents the design of a Semi-Digital Phase-Locked Loop (SDPLL) implemented in 22nm FDSOI technology.
The proposed architecture eliminates the need for a Time-to-Digital Converter (TDC) and introduces separate proportional and integral control paths to achieve high bandwidth and low jitter performance.

The design focuses on improving:

  • Loop bandwidth stability across PVT conditions
  • Locking robustness
  • Phase noise and jitter performance

Keywords

SDPLL Phase-Locked Loop 22nm FDSOI Bandwidth Tracking Low Jitter

🧩 Architecture

The SDPLL consists of the following main components:

  • Phase Frequency Detector (PFD)
  • Proportional Path
  • Integral Path (generating multiple discrete control voltages)
  • Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO)
  • Programmable Divider
  • Initialization mechanism for VCO frequency to accelerate locking

Proposed SDPLL architecture

Unlike conventional CPPLL, this design:

  • Removes the loop filter resistor → no additional pole
  • Eliminates the TDC → reduced complexity and power consumption
  • Uses direct voltage injection → faster loop response

🔬 Key Design Techniques

Resistor-Free Proportional Path

  • Eliminates thermal noise
  • Reduces loop delay
  • Enables higher loop bandwidth

Bandwidth Tracking Mechanism

To stabilize loop bandwidth across PVT conditions:

  • The number of active Vint nodes is used as a PVT indicator
  • The proportional path capacitance is dynamically adjusted accordingly

Bandwidth tracking mechanism based on Vint activation

Result:

fref / fBW ≈ 4–6


Divider Robustness Improvement

At slow corners, increased propagation delay may lead to instability in the divider.

Solution:

  • Introduce an INITB-assisted initialization mechanism
  • Ensure a valid startup state for reliable operation

VCO Headroom Optimization

Transistor sizing is optimized to improve:

  • Maximum oscillation frequency
  • Tuning range and headroom

📊 Results

Performance summary:

  • Output frequency: 5 GHz
  • Reference frequency: 500 MHz
  • RMS jitter: ~250 fs
  • Power consumption: ~4 mW

Phase noise comparison of the original and optimized PLL across corners.


🧾 Conclusion

This project demonstrates a TDC-free SDPLL architecture with:

  • High loop bandwidth
  • Low jitter performance
  • Strong robustness across PVT conditions

The proposed bandwidth tracking mechanism effectively stabilizes loop behavior, making the design suitable for high-speed clock generation systems.

基于带宽自适应的半数字锁相环设计

🚀 项目概述

本项目设计并实现了一种基于 22nm FDSOI 工艺的半数字锁相环(SDPLL)
该架构通过去除时间数字转换器(TDC),并引入分离的比例路径与积分路径,实现高带宽与低抖动性能。

本设计重点优化:

  • 不同 PVT 条件下的环路带宽稳定性
  • 系统锁定鲁棒性
  • 相位噪声与抖动性能

关键词

SDPLL 锁相环 22nm FDSOI 带宽自适应 低抖动

🧩 系统架构

该 SDPLL 主要由以下模块组成:

  • 相位频率检测器(PFD)
  • 比例路径(Proportional Path)
  • 积分路径(用于生成多个离散控制电压)
  • 压控振荡器(VCO)
  • 可编程分频器
  • 初始化机制(用于预设 VCO 工作频率以加快锁定过程)

所提出的 SDPLL 系统架构

与传统 CPPLL 相比,本设计:

  • 去除环路滤波电阻 → 无额外极点
  • 无需 TDC → 降低复杂度与功耗
  • 采用直接电压注入 → 提高环路响应速度

🔬 关键设计技术

无电阻比例路径

  • 消除热噪声
  • 减小环路延迟
  • 提高环路带宽

带宽自适应机制

为实现不同 PVT 条件下的带宽稳定性:

  • 利用激活的 Vint 节点数量作为 PVT 状态指示
  • 动态调整比例路径电容

基于 Vint 激活状态的带宽自适应机制

结果:

fref / fBW ≈ 4–6


分频器鲁棒性优化

在慢角(SS)条件下,由于传播延迟增加,分频器可能出现不稳定。

解决方法:

  • 引入基于 INITB 的初始化机制
  • 确保系统启动时进入有效状态

VCO 余量优化

通过优化晶体管尺寸,提高:

  • 最大振荡频率
  • 调谐范围与频率余量

📊 实验结果

主要性能指标如下:

  • 输出频率:5 GHz
  • 参考频率:500 MHz
  • RMS 抖动:约 250 fs
  • 功耗:约 4 mW

原始与优化后 PLL 在不同工艺角下的相位噪声对比


🧾 总结

本项目提出了一种无需 TDC 的 SDPLL 架构,实现了:

  • 高环路带宽
  • 低抖动性能
  • 良好的 PVT 鲁棒性

所提出的带宽自适应机制有效稳定了环路行为,使该设计适用于高速时钟生成系统。